The Internet: Where it came from and how it works.

Origins

It is ubiquitous.
It shifted our world in more ways than we ever could have imagined. Increased the speed of sharing and accessing information, making connections, collecting data, testing boundaries of privacy, policy, cultural norms and rights and freedoms in ways we never could have imagined. We are surrounded by it, consumed by it, and in many cases ruled by it. The subject of Hollywood movies and societal nightmares, presenting opportunities and threats to our very morals and ethics.

The Internet has evolved significantly over the last 30 years! From initially linking government departments, academic institutions and research organizations, there are now nearly 4.6 BILLION Internet users in the world, surfing over 1 billion websites and sending nearly 3 million emails *every second*.

Activity:

Watch live internet statistics here.

Architecture: Network Components

A network system connects computers and other devices via communications media so that data and information can be transmitted among them. Networks may typically be defined by geographical or organizational boundaries. A Local Area Network (LAN) connects two or more devices in a limited geographical region. Most LANs have a file server or network server.

A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a network that covers a large geographical area, and typically connects multiple LANs. A WAN has a large capacity and typically combines multiple channels (e.g. fibre-optic cables, microwave and satellite). A WAN also contains routers. A router is a communications processor that routes messages from a LAN to the Internet, across several connected LANs, or across a wide area network. The Internet is the world's largest WAN.

Networks can be public or private. A Virtual Private Network allows users to utilize a third-party IP address while surfing the Internet, and is often used for enhanced privacy.

Many organizations implement an interconnected network that does not extend beyond the organization that created it, also known as an Intranet. An Extranet is where an Intranet is extended to include entities outside the boundaries of an organization and is often used to connect companies with suppliers, business partners, or other authorized users.

Your home network is similar to a company or work network. Your home is hardwired via an Internet Service Provider (ISP) to a backbone node of the Internet. You should be able to find this point of connection via a cable coming into your house. If you are wired via a dial-up or analog connection, you will have a modem that converts signals from digital to analog to send over the telephone line. A wireless access point connects the wireless devices to your LAN, whereas a Hub (or Switch) connects wired devices (such as printers, computers, scanners, etc.) to your LAN.

Activity:

Draw out your home network on a piece of paper. Begin with the connection to your home, and note what kind of connection you have. Which room contains your Internet access point? Do you have a wireless router or are all your devices hardwired? How many devices in your home are connected to your internet?

Activity:

Lookup your IPv4 and IPv6 address at WhatismyIPaddress.

Protocols

Watch this short video from Spotify to see how a song travels over the Internet, using TCP/IP protocols.




World Wide Web (WWW)

The World Wide Web refers to that information sharing model built ON the Internet. The World Wide Web is that system of shared standards including Hypertext markup language and hypertext transfer protocols that link web pages and web sites together, and is accessed via a web browser.

Activity:

Want to see HTML in action? You can view the 'page source' of any web page. Just right-click with your mouse and select 'view source.'

Learn more about the World Wide Web at The World Wide Web Consortium (W3).



References

  • Crawford, S. (n.d.). What is an IP address? Retrieved from HowStuffWorks:
    https://computer.howstuffworks.com/internet/basics/what-is-an-ip-address.htm
  • Rainer, R., Cegielski, C., Splettstoesser Hogeterp, I., & Sanchez-Rodriguez, C. (2015). Introduction to Information Systems. Toronto: John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.
  • Rappold, R. (n.d.). J.C.R. Licklider. Retrieved from https://www.cs.rit.edu/~rpretc/imm/project1/biography.html
  • Schneider, G. P. (2017). Electronic Commerce. Boston: Cengage Learning.